| Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud | Unconscious drives & childhood experiences | Free association, dream analysis, transference | Deep-rooted issues, personality patterns | “Insight into the unconscious” |
| Behavioural B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov | Observable behavior and learned responses | Conditioning, reinforcement, exposure therapy | Phobias, addictions, habits | “Change behavior = change outcome” |
| CBT (Cognitive Behavioral) Aaron Beck | Thoughts \rightarrow Feelings \rightarrow Behavior | Cognitive restructuring, thought records | Depression, anxiety, stress, OCD | “Change thinking to change feeling” |
| Humanistic Carl Rogers | Self-awareness & innate growth potential | Active listening, unconditional positive regard | Self-esteem, identity issues | “Client is the expert” |
| Existential Viktor Frankl, Rollo May | Finding meaning and responsibility | Philosophical dialogue, reflection | Crisis, loss, life transitions | “Search for meaning” |
| Gestalt Fritz Perls | “Here & now” awareness | Empty chair technique, role-play | Emotional expression, self-awareness | “Here & now awareness” |
| SFBT S. de Shazer, I. Kim Berg | Future goals and strengths | Miracle question, scaling | Short-term issues | “What works, do more” |
| Family / Systemic Various (Systemic-based) | Relational patterns within the family | Family mapping, reframing | Family conflict, child issues | “System over individual” |
| DBT Marsha M. Linehan | Balancing acceptance and change | Distress tolerance, emotion regulation | BPD, self-harm | “Accept & change” |
| ACT Steven C. Hayes | Psychological flexibility & values | Cognitive defusion, values clarification | Chronic pain, anxiety, stress | “Accept, don’t fight” |
| Mindfulness Jon Kabat-Zinn | Non-judgmental present awareness | Meditation, body scans, breathing | Stress, depression relapse | “Be present” |
| Schema Jeffrey Young | Lifelong maladaptive patterns | Imagery, chair work | Personality disorders | “Rewrite life patterns” |
| EMDR Francine Shapiro | Reprocessing traumatic memories | Bilateral stimulation (eye movements) | PTSD | “Reprocess trauma” |
| Interpersonal (IPT) Gerald Klerman, Myrna Weissman | Relationship and communication issues | Role-play, communication analysis | Depression | “Relationships matter” |
| Positive Psych Martin Seligman | Building strengths and resilience | Gratitude journaling, strengths use | General well-being | “Flourish, not just survive” |
| Narrative Michael White, David Epston | Separating people from their problems | Externalization, re-authoring | Identity issues | “Rewrite your story” |
| Integrative Tailored approach | Multi-modality synthesis | Flexible mix of various techniques | Complex or multifaceted cases | “Use what works” |
